Radio frequency shielding

ABSTRACT

Shielding is associated with RFID tags to achieve new systems and methods having various advantages. These systems include containers configured to store RFID enabled identity documents, the use of RFID tags to monitor the state of a container, and the inclusion of shielding in identity devices. Disclosed are shielded passports, driver&#39;s licenses, and the like. Some embodiments further including reading systems for reading identity devices comprising shielding and RFID tags.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority and benefit from commonly owned U.S.Provisional Patent Applications: No. 60/650,478 entitled “RFIDShielding,” filed Feb. 7, 2005; No. 60/678,428 entitled “RFID device,”filed May 6, 2005; No. 60/685,331 entitled “RF Powered Remote,” filedMay 27, 2005; No. 60/700,884 entitled “Electronically Switchable RFID,”filed Jul. 19, 2005; No. 60/712,308 entitled “Passive radio frequencydata logger,” filed Aug. 30, 2005; No. 60/715,641 entitled “RFIDapplications,” filed Sep. 10, 2005; No. 60/752,933 entitled “Multi-keyFOB,” filed Dec. 21, 2005; and No. 60/758,751 entitled “Multi-switchCredit Card,” filed Jan. 13, 2006. The disclosures of these provisionalpatent applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

This application is related to co-pending U.S. patent application Ser.No. 11/349,766 entitled “Containers Including Radio FrequencyShielding,” and filed Feb. 7, 2006, and to co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/350,185 entitled “Identity Devices IncludingRadio Frequency Shielding,” and filed Feb. 7, 2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention is in the fields of radio frequency identification (RFID)tags, and more specifically in the field of RFID tag shielding.

2. Description of Related Art

Radio Frequency identity (RFID) tags are, for example, typically small,flexible, and low profile devices that can be affixed to items forelectronic tracking and information storage purposes. An RFID tag can beread by an RFID reader when the RFID tag is brought within a certainvicinity of the reader that is broadcasting a radio frequency signal. Insome cases, once within that vicinity, the RFID tag receives sufficientpower from the radio frequency signal to permit it to transmit a returnradio frequency signal using the received power. These RFID tags arereferred to as passive RFID tags. In other cases the RFID tag has anindependent power source for generating a return radio frequency signal.These RFID tags are referred to as active RFID tags. With either passiveor active RFID tags, the return radio frequency signal may include anencoded copy of information stored within the RFID tag. As RFID tagsachieve more wide-spread use they will become ubiquitous on forms ofidentification, and be included in personal and business effects, suchas passports, driver's licenses, keys, cell phones, PDAs, and so forth.For example, an RFID tag may be incorporated in a driver's license tostore personal information about the licensee. As used herein, RFID tagsinclude radio frequency contactless chips.

A problem with using RFID tags to store security, confidential and/orpersonal information is that an RFID reader can read any RFID tags thatpass within its range. Even if data is encrypted, this creates apossibility of unauthorized access to the personal data and otherinformation stored in the RFID tag, or at the least, detection of thepresence of the RFID tag.

SUMMARY

The invention includes the use of shielding in relation to RFID tags.For example, some embodiments of the invention include shieldedcontainers for storing devices including RFID tags. These devices caninclude identification devices such as passports, credit cards, ordriver's licenses.

Some embodiments of the invention include shielded containers and RFIDtags, the RFID tags configured for use in determining a state of thecontainer. For example, detection of an RFID tag can be used todetermine if the container is open or closed. These embodiments areoptionally used in event logging or security.

Some embodiments of the invention include shielding attached toidentification devices. This shielding may, for example, be included ina clamshell configuration, as a shielding insert, or as part of a pageor cover.

Various embodiments of the invention include a container comprising anRFID tag configured for determining if the container is open or closed,and radio frequency shielding configured to shield a signal from theRFID tag responsive to whether the container is open or closed.

Various embodiments of the invention include a vehicle comprising areceptacle attached to the vehicle and configured to receive anidentification device including an RFID tag, and a radio frequencyshielding attached to the receptacle and configured to shield the RFIDtag when the identification device is placed within the receptacle.

Various embodiments of the invention include a purse comprising areceptacle configured to receive an identification device including anRFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the purse andconfigured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device isplaced in the receptacle.

Various embodiments of the invention include a wallet comprising areceptacle configured to receive an identification device including anRFID tag, and a radio frequency shielding attached to the wallet andconfigured to shield the RFID tag when the identification device isplaced in the receptacle.

Various embodiments of the invention include a shielded RFID devicecomprising an identity device including an RFID tag, and a coverphysically attached to the device, the cover including a radio frequencyshielding material configured to shield the RFID tag in a first positionand to not shield the RFID tag in a second position.

Various embodiments of the invention include an identification devicecomprising a base including a surface configured to display identifyinginformation, an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information,and a cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured toshield the RFID tag when closed and to allow the RFID tag to communicatewith a reader when open.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport devicecomprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, asurface configured to visually display the identifying information, andan attached cover including a radio frequency shielding materialconfigured to shield the RFID tag when the cover is closed, andconfigured to enable reading of the RFID tag when the cover is open.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport devicecomprising a first cover part including identifying information on aninside surface, a second cover part separated from the first cover partby a fold, an RFID tag within the first cover or the second cover part,and a page between the first cover part and the second cover part, thepage including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in afirst position and not shielding the RFID tag in a second position.

Various embodiments of the invention include a driver's license devicecomprising an RFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, asurface configured to visually display the identifying information, anda cover including a radio frequency shielding material configured toshield the RFID tag in a first position, and configured to enablereading of the RFID tag in a second position.

Various embodiments of the invention include a credit card devicecomprising an RFID tag configured to transmit account information, anattached cover including radio frequency shielding and configured tomove relative to the RFID tag, to shield the RFID tag in a firstposition, and not to shield the RFID that in a second position.

Various embodiments of the invention include a shielding devicecomprising a shielding material configured to be temporally attached toan identity device and to shield an RFID tag within the identity device,and an attachment mechanism configured for attaching the shieldingmaterial to the identity device.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport reading systemcomprising an RFID reader, and a base disposed to form a slot betweenthe base and the RFID reader, a width of the slot configured for passageof a passport in an open position such that shielding material withinthe passport does not interfere with communications between the RFIDreader and an RFID tag included in the passport.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport reading systemcomprising a first RFID reader, a second RFID reader, a third RFIDreader, the first, second and third RFID readers surrounding a passportreading volume and being disposed such that at least one of the first,second and third RFID readers will be at a proper angle relative to anantenna of an RFID tag within a passport in the passport reading volumeto read the RFID tag, and also disposed such that transmission betweenthe RFID tag and the at least one of the first, second and third RFIDreaders is not prevented by shielding within the passport when thepassport is open in the passport reading zone regardless of the angle ofthe shielding relative to the first, second and third readers.

Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a covermaterial configured for inclusion in a polarity of identity devices, astrip of shielding deposited on the cover material, a first RFID tagdeposited on the cover material, a second RFID tag deposited on thecover material, and a cutting area configured to be cut in order toproduce the plurality of identity devices, the cut including cutting ofthe strip of shielding and separation of the first RFID tag and thesecond RFID tag.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising anRFID tag configured to transmit identifying information, a surfaceconfigured to visually display the identifying information, and a coverincluding a first part and a second part separated by a fold, the firstpart including the RFID tag and the second part including a radiofrequency shielding configured to shield the RFID tag when the cover isclosed, and configured to allow reading of the RFID tag when the coveris open, the radio frequency shielding including metallic fibersdisposed within the second part.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising afirst cover part including identifying information including aphotograph on an inside surface, a second cover part separated from thefirst cover part by a fold, an RFID tag within the first cover or thesecond cover part, and a page between the first cover part and thesecond cover part, the page including shielding configured for shieldingthe RFID tag in a first position and not shielding the RFID tag in asecond position.

Various embodiments of the invention include a passport comprising afirst cover part including an RFID tag disposed at least 5 mm from afold, a second cover part separated from the first cover part by thefold and including shielding configured for shielding the RFID tag in afirst position of the second cover part and not shielding the RFID tagin a second position of the cover part.

Various embodiments of the invention include a system comprising a covermaterial configured for inclusion in a polarity of identity devices, astrip of shielding deposited on the cover material, a first RFID tagdeposited on the cover material, a second RFID tag deposited on thecover material, and a cutting area configured to be cut in order toproduce the plurality of identity devices, the cut including cutting ofthe strip of shielding and separation of a location for depositing ofthe first RFID tag and a location for depositing of the second RFID tag.

Various embodiments of the invention include a method comprisingdepositing a radio frequency shielding material on a first part of acover material, depositing at least a first radio frequency identity tagand a second radio frequency identity tag on a second part of the covermaterial, cutting the cover material through the radio frequencyshielding, and creating a fold in the flexible material, the foldseparating the first part of the cover material from the second part ofthe cover material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a container including a receptacle configured tostore an ID incorporating an RFID tag, according to various embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a container including an RFID tag or alternatively anRFID tag reader.

FIG. 3 illustrates various monitoring systems that employ illustrativeembodiments of the container of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 illustrates further details of an embodiment of the container ofFIG. 2 that includes a monitored vial.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a monitored vial that includesmore than one compartment.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the container of FIG. 2 wherein thecontainer is a room.

FIG. 7 illustrates an access system based on an RFID tag, according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 illustrates a clamshell ID including a base including an RFID tagand a cover connected to the base, according to various embodiments ofthe invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a clamshell ID similar to that shown in FIG. 8 exceptthat the base and cover are pivotally connected at a point rather thanalong an edge, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an ID similar to that shown in FIGS. 8 and9 except that the cover is configured to fit into the base, according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates further detail of some embodiments of a clamshell IDhaving a first cover and second cover separated by a fold.

FIG. 12 illustrates further embodiments of a clamshell ID including afirst cover and second cover separated by a fold.

FIG. 13 illustrates a clamshell ID wherein shielding is added to a page,according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 illustrates an identification device, according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a method of allowing communication to an RFID tag,according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a method of modifying an RFID enabled identificationdevice, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates a method of making an identity device including,according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating a stage in the manufacture of anidentification device, according to various embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 19 illustrates the method of manufacturing an identificationdevice, according to various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 20 illustrates an RFID reader system, according to variousembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 21 illustrates an alternative RFID reader system, according tovarious embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of the present invention includes holders (e.g.,containers) including radio frequency shielding materials to protectitems, such as IDs (identification devices), incorporating RFID tagsfrom being read. In some embodiments, a person can allow informationwithin an RFID tag to be read by removing the item from the holder,while in other embodiments the holder is merely opened or removed toallow the RFID tag to be read. Replacing the item within the holder, orclosing the holder, secures the item's RFID tag from unwanted readingsfrom, or detection by, unknown or unauthorized RFID readers. It will beappreciated that items other than IDs, such as library books, consumerelectronics, medications, and so forth, can also include, or be packagedwith, RFID tags that a person may wish to shield from unauthorized RFIDreaders. Holders specifically tailored for such items, as well asgeneral purpose holders such as wallets, purses and briefcases, can alsoinclude radio frequency shielding (also referred to herein as shielding)according to the present invention.

The holder can be in the general form of a container as an illustrativeexample, having two similar rectangular sides joined around three edges,being configured to be repeatedly opened and close, and optionallyincluding a closure or flap along the fourth side. Such holders are wellsuited to the typical shape of most personal IDs such as passports,driver's licenses, green cards, credit and debit cards, medicalinformation cards, insurance cards, medical alerts, studentidentification cards, security badges, immigration documents, or thelike. Typically, the holder is configured to be repeatedly opened andclosed to receive the ID.

The holder can also be a case such as a carrying-case for a cell phoneor digital camera. The holder can also be a purse, suitcase, backpack,briefcase, satchel, glove compartment, a jewelry container, and thelike. In some embodiments, the RF shielding is physically attached tothe holder. The holder can alternatively include a checkbook holder, awallet, a ticket holder, or a windshield visor pocket. Some embodimentsof the invention are directed at articles of clothing in which one ormore pockets include an attached radio frequency shielding material.Additional embodiments are directed to key holders.

The desirability of RFID shielding for the objects listed above will bereadily appreciated. Being able to read an RFID tag on a green card (animmigration document) without the owner of the green card giving consentor being aware that the green card is being read, for example, canenable less scrupulous individuals to engage in improper behaviors.Incorporating RFID shielding into a wallet, purse, or other type ofholder would prevent an RFID tag on an item within the holder from beingread unless the item is deliberately exposed to the RFID reader, forinstance, by removing the item from the holder. In view of the problemof identity theft, such shielding is desirable for credit cards withRFID tags, social security cards with RFID tags, driver's licenses withRFID tags, and so forth.

In some instances the RFID tag is essentially a label that has beenattached to an object for inventory or similar purposes. Library bookscan carry RFID tags, for example. Accordingly, providing RFID shieldingfor various carrying devices, such as purses, suitcases, book bags,briefcases, and satchels can prevent RFID tags in library books andother objects from being read without permission. In other instances theRFID tag is more integral with an object. Consumer electronics,electronic media, and so forth, can be manufactured to include RFID tagsinside of housings, on printed circuit boards, and on electroniccomponents, for example. Often, such devices have specially designedcases such as cell phone cases and camera cases. These cases can alsocomprise RFID shielding to prevent the RFID tags in the associateddevices from being read without authorization.

In some embodiments, the holder is clear (e.g., transparent) so that theID, such as a driver's license, can be readily seen without having to beremoved from the holder. Many wallets include either a plastic sleeve ora leather pocket with a plastic window for this purpose. In someembodiments, of the invention in which at least part of the holder istransparent, the shielding in the transparent region needs to also betransparent. Certain electrically conductive polymers can serve as theRFID shielding material in these embodiments. Other transparent andnon-transparent materials for RFID shielding are discussed furtherherein.

In some embodiments, the holder is designed to allow the ID to be easilyand repeatedly removed and returned. For instance, some credit and debitcards have a smaller format (mini-cards) and can be stored in a matchingcase that can serve as a fob for keys. In some of these embodiments, theholder and the ID card are pivotally attached to one another so that theID card can flip out from the holder, and in still further embodiments aspring mechanism aids in extending and retracting the ID card. Othercases of the present invention can comprise a clamshell configuration.Such ID card holders of the present invention include an RFID shieldingmaterial.

The present invention also provides for articles of clothing designed toinclude pockets that can shield RFID tags on objects within the pockets.In these embodiments the articles of clothing can be made from a cloththat includes a radio frequency shielding material, or the pocket can belined with the radio frequency shielding material.

The present invention also provides for key holders comprising RFIDshielding. The keys that are held by such key holders can be eithermechanical or electronic, where mechanical is used herein to refer tokeys meant to fit into mechanical locks such as car keys, house keys,and the like. Electronic keys refer to keys that carry an encodedpassword on a magnetic strip, a bar code, an RFID tag, or the like.Either type of key can include an RFID tag as either a further componentof the locking mechanism or for completely unrelated reasons. An RFIDtag on a key is part of the locking mechanism, for example, when thelock reads the RFID tag for some purpose, such as to read the keynumbers from RFID tags on different keys in order to track which keysare being used in the lock.

Electronic keys are often placed on ID badges and other forms ofidentification. An RFID tag with such electronic keys may carryconfidential information but be unrelated to the lock mechanism. In someembodiments, the key holder is retractable, and in some of theseembodiments the key holder is spring-loaded to automatically retract thekey into the key holder.

In the embodiments described herein, the holder, whether an container,case, article of clothing, or key holder, has some form of openingthrough which the ID or other object having an RFID tag can betransferred. In some embodiments, the holder also includes a closure forclosing the opening. In some of these embodiments, the closure cancomprise a flap that closes over the opening. In other embodiments theclosure is a zipper, Velcro, or related closure device. The closure canprovide an electrical contact between opposing sides of the opening, insome instances.

In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is incorporated into anID. For example, a passport can include an RFID shielding material inthe passport's cover so that an RFID tag within the passport can only beread when the passport is opened. Similarly, a driver's license caninclude a clamshell cover and base including an RFID shielding material,or a pivoting cover including an RFID shielding material.

The RFID shielding material can be provided in numerous different ways.The radio frequency shielding material can include a conductive materialsuch as a metal or an electrically conductive plastic. The RFIDshielding can be attached using adhesive. The radio frequency shieldingmaterial can include a mesh with a mesh size small enough to provideshielding against the radio frequency range used by RFID readers. Theradio frequency shielding material can be laminated, either bylaminating the RFID shielding material to another layer, such as aprotective material layer, and/or by laminating together multiple layersof RFID shielding materials. In many embodiments the RFID shieldingmaterial is either flexible, transparent, or both. Examples of suitableRFID shielding materials include metal-coated elastomers such asaluminized Mylar and copper-coated plastic sheets and films. In someembodiments, the RFID shielding material is a semi-transparent mesh.

In some embodiments, the RFID shielding material is effective to form aFaraday cage around the ID, object, or key. Closing the closure can beeffective to complete the Faraday cage, in some instances. In otherembodiments the RFID shielding is used in selective locations in theholder. For example, where a nation's passport includes an RFID tag in alower right-hand corner of the cover, passport holders designed for thatnation's passports need only include RFID shielding above and/or belowthe location of the RFID tag when the passport is in the passportholder.

The RFID shielding shields an RFID tag from a reader in two ways. First,the RFID shielding greatly reduces the power being broadcast from thereader that reaches the RFID tag within the holder. This cuts the poweravailable to the RFID tag to transmit information back. Secondly, evenif the RFID tag receives enough power to transmit, the signal sent fromthe RFID tag is also attenuated. Accordingly, it will be appreciatedthat the effectiveness of the RFID shielding can be varied considerablybased on choices of radio frequency shielding materials and theirthicknesses, mesh sizes, and so forth. In some embodiments, the radiofrequency shielding material provides a reduction of input power to theRFID tag by between about 5 db-30 db, 10 db-25 db, 15 db-20 db, or morethan 15, 25, 35 or 45 db.

In some embodiments, the container is configured to be repeatedly openedand closed to receive an item including an RFID tag. In someembodiments, the container includes a closure configured to enhance theshielding.

In some embodiments, the container configured to just fit a standardCalifornia driver's license. These embodiments may be characterized byinner dimensions of less then 3.5 inches, 3.75 inches, 4 inches or 4.5inches height, and less then 2.25 inches, 2.5 inches or 2.75 inches inwidth. In some embodiments, the container is configured to just fit aU.S. passport or a passport issued by another country. These embodimentsmay be characterized by inner dimensions of less then 5 inches, 5.25inches, 5.5 inches or 6 inches in height, and less than 3.5 inches, 3.75inches, 4 inches or 4.5 inches in width.

FIG. 1 illustrates a Container 100 including a Receptacle 110 configuredto store an ID 130 (identification device) incorporating an RFID Tag140. The Container 100 and Receptacle 110 may include a wallet, purse,passport holder, key chain, ticket holder, pocket, sleeve, slot,opening, niche, compartment, lid & base, glove compartment, jewelry,suitcase, backpack, bag, carrier, carton, box, sack, carton, casing,shell, carapace, covering, sheath, or the like. Container 100 furtherincludes attached Shielding 120 configured to attenuate the transmissionof radio frequency signals to or from the RFID Tag 140. Receptacle 110is configured to be repeatedly opened and repeatedly closed forinsertion and removal of ID 130.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a Container 200 including RFID Tag140 or alternatively an RFID tag Reader 210. Container 200 is optionallyan embodiment of the Container of FIG. 1, and visa-versa. Container 200further includes Shielding 120 configured to attenuate the transmissionof radio frequency signals to or from the RFID Tag 140 or Reader 210.The shielding effect of the Shielding 120 is optionally dependent on astate of the Container 200. For example, in some embodiments, theShielding 120 may be more efficient at attenuating RF transmission whenContainer 120 is closed than when it is open. As such, in someembodiments, the state of the Container 200 may be determined by amagnitude of a detected radio frequency signal between RFID Tag 140 andReader 210 either of which may be within Container 200.

FIG. 3 illustrates various monitoring systems that employ illustrativeembodiments of Container 200. These illustrative embodiments include awall hanging (e.g., a Picture 320), a Refrigerator 325, a Jewelry Box330, a Chest of Drawers 335, a Monitored Vial 340, a Filing Cabinet 345,and a Safe 350. In these embodiments, the monitoring systems furtherinclude RFID tag Reader 210 and optional Alarm and/or Log 310. Each ofthese examples of Container 200 include one or more RFID Tag 140 andShielding 120 (whether shown or not) configured to modify thetransmission of RFID signals from Reader 210 to RFID Tags 140 responsiveto a state of the Container 200.

For example, the Picture 320 illustrated includes Shielding 120 (notshown) that surrounds the RFID Tag 140 while Picture 320 is mounted onWall 330. Shielding 120 is configured such that the attenuation effectof the shielding will be reduced if Picture 320 is removed from Wall330. For example, Shielding 120 may be disposed to form a Faraday cagearound or interfere with the RFID Tag 140 (e.g. be on the back of thepicture, optional standoffs, and/or wall) and if Picture 320 is removedfrom Wall 330 a resulting gap, or reduction in interference, will allowincreased RFID signal transmission between the associated RFID Tag 140and Reader 210. Picture 320 may alternatively be a statue or some otherobject designed to sit on a surface with an RFID tag between the objectand the surface.

In a similar manner each of the Refrigerator 325, Jewelry Box 330, Chest335, Monitored Vial 340, Filing Cabinet 345 and Safe 350 includesShielding 120 configured such that a magnitude of an RFID tag signalreceived by Reader 210 is dependent on whether the particular containeris open or not.

Reader 210 is configured to detect RFID signals from one or more of theRFID Tags 140 and to generate a responsive output signal. In someembodiments, this responsive output signal is a quantitative orqualitative indication of the state of one or more of the containers.The reader is optionally configured to distinguish the signals receivedfrom each of the one or more RFID tags and, thus, identify which of thecontainers is open.

Alarm/Log unit 310 is optionally an alarm system or a logging systemconfigured to activate an alarm or log an event responsive to the outputsignal of Reader 210. For example, in some embodiments, the Alarm/Logunit 310 is configured to activate an alarm when Picture 320 is removedfrom the wall or Safe 350 is opened. In some embodiments, the Alarm Logunit 310 is configured to log when Filing Cabinet 345, Chest 335 orDrawers or Refrigerator 325 is opened.

In alternative embodiments, Reader 210 may be placed within thecontainer and RFID Tag 140 outside.

FIG. 4 illustrates further details of an embodiment of the Container ofFIG. 2 that includes Monitored Vial 340. Monitored Vial 340 includesshielding in a Lid 410 and/or Base 420. When the Lid 410 and Base 420are attached the shielding attenuates any signal from the enclosed RFIDTag 140. When Lid 410 is opened the attenuation is reduced. The RFID tagis optionally disposed on the underside of Lid 410. The illustratedembodiments are optionally used to monitor the use of medication orother material stored within Monitored Vial 340. The monitored vial isoptionally an alternative form of Container 200 and optionallyconfigured to store alternative types of goods. In some embodiments,Reader 210 of FIG. 3 is configured to log when Monitored Vial 340 isopened and closed. For example, if a user has a medication that shouldbe taken at a specific time Reader 210 may be used to detect ifMonitored Vial 340 is opened at these times and activate a reminderusing Alarm/Log 310 if Monitored Vial 340 is not opened at a timemedication should be taken.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of Monitored Vial 340 thatincludes more than one Compartment 510. Each Compartment 510 includes aseparate RFID Tag 140 that may be separately identifiable using Reader210. This embodiment may be used, for example, to monitor an activitythat should occur at a variety of different times (e.g., times of day ordays of the week.).

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the Container of FIG. 2 whereinContainer 200 includes a Room 610. In these embodiments, radio frequencysignals between RFID Tag 140 and Reader 210 may be used to determine ifan opening to the room is open. Room 610 includes Shielded Wall(s) 620that block radio frequency signals between Tag 140 and Reader 210 whenan Opening 630 is closed. When Opening 630 is open Tag 140 can bedetected by Reader 210 and this stage can be logged by Alarm/Log 310.While the illustration shows Reader 210 within Room 610 and RFID Tag 140outside, these positions are optionally exchanged. Room 610 isoptionally a shipping container. RFID Tag 140 is optionally mounted onOpening 630 such that Tag 140 is brought within reading range of Reader210 when Opening 630 is opened. Opening 630 can be, for example, awindow or door.

FIG. 7 illustrates an access system based on an RFID Tag 140. RFID Tag140 is optionally implanted within a Animal or Person 720 or attached toan animal collar. A Reader/Lock Control 710 is configured to detect asignal from RFID Tag 140 and to control a Lock 740 in response. Lock 740controls the function of a Barrier 730, such as a door or gate.Reader/Lock Control 710 is optionally programmable to operate responsiveto particular instances of RFID Tag 140.

The Reader/Lock Control 710 illustrated in FIG. 7 is optionally used inthe following manner. RFID Tag 140 is placed within or attached to theAnimal or Person 720. Reader/Lock Control 710 is placed in a programmingmode. A serial number of the RFID Tag 140 is programmed into theReader/Lock Control 710 either by digital data entry or communication,or by bringing the RFID Tag 140 within the reading range of theReader/Lock Control 710, such that the serial number can be read fromthe RFID Tag 140. The Reader/Lock Control 710 in placed in a normaloperation mode wherein it monitor's for the presence of the RFID Tag140. The RFID Tag 140 is detected by the Reader/Lock Control 710. Theserial number is read from the detected RFID Tag 140 by Reader/LockControl 710. Reader/Lock Control 710 compares the read serial numberwith the serial number programmed into the Reader/Lock Control 710 whilein the programming mode. If the read and programmed serial numbers agreeLock 740 is activated in response. Activation of Lock 730 controls(e.g., locks or unlocks) access through Barrier 730. After the detectedRFID tag is no longer detected by the Reader/Lock Control 710,Reader/Lock Control 710 optionally reactivates Lock 740 to return it toa previous state.

FIG. 8 illustrates a Clamshell ID 810 (e.g. greencard (immigrationcard), passport, driver's license, transaction card, key card, nationalidentity card, or the like). Transaction cards include credit cards,debit cards, check cards, payment cards, fare (e.g., transit) cards, orthe like. Clamshell ID 810 includes an optional picture, a Base 830including an RFID Tag 140, and a Cover 820 connected to Base 830 in aclamshell configuration, e.g., connected along an edge or Fold 840.Cover 820 and/or Base 830 include RFID shielding configured to attenuateradio frequency signals to or from RFID Tag 140 when Cover 820 is closed(e.g., shut), and to not attenuate, or attenuate to a lesser extent,radio frequency signals to or from RFID Tag 140 when Cover 820 is open.The shielding is optionally laminated into Base 830 and/or Cover 820. Insome embodiments, Clamshell ID 810 includes shielding in both Base 830and Cover 820. Base 820 can be the cover of a passport or otherdocument. In some embodiments, Base 830 includes a plastic card.

In various embodiments, Clamshell ID 810 includes a passport, driver'slicense, credit card, etc. that includes RF shielding in one part (e.g.,a page or cover) and an RFID tag in another part (e.g., a different pageor cover). Not shown in FIG. 8 are pages that may be included betweenthe covers (e.g., Base 830 and Cover 820). The RF shielding and RFID Tag140 are configured such that, when Clamshell ID 810 is closed theshielding interferes with the RF pickup of the RFID tag to an extentsufficient for reading of RFID Tag 140 to be attenuated.

In some embodiments, Clamshell ID 810 can be closed in two ways. First,such that a picture and/or other identification information is displayedon the exposed surface of Base 830. Or, second, such that the pictureand/or other identification information are covered by Cover 820. Thesetwo methods of closure are achieved by rotating Cover 820 and Base 830relative to each other in different directions around Fold 840. In thefirst instance, the picture and/or other identification information canbe used for identification while RFID Tag 140 is still shielded. Thus,Clamshell ID 810 can be used for identification (non-RFID) withoutunshielding RFID Tag 140.

When the Clamshell ID 810 is open, the shielding is less close to RFIDTag 140 and, thus, the interference of the shielding is reduced and RFIDTag 140 can be read. The shielding does not necessarily form a Faradaycage around RFID Tag 140 when Clamshell ID 810 is closed. In someembodiments, shielding is not included in the part of Clamshell ID 810that includes the RFID Tag 140. Clamshell ID 810 is optionally formed bylaminating RFID Tag 140 and RF shielding between layers of Cover 820 orto a page disposed between Cover 820 and Base 830. Further visibleinformation such as a name and/or photograph can be placed on anysurface of the Clamshell ID. Thus, in some embodiments, this visibleinformation is visible when the Clamshell ID is open or closed. In otherembodiments, this visible information is visible only when the ClamshellID is open.

FIG. 9 illustrates an ID 910 similar to that shown in FIG. 8 except thatBase 830 and Cover 820 are pivotally connected at a Pivot Point 920rather than in a clamshell configuration. Cover 820 is configured torotate over Base 830 as shown. When Cover 820 covers the Base 830 theRFID Tag 140 is shielded. When Cover 820 is rotated away from Base 830RFID Tag 140 is unshielded. In some embodiments, Cover 820 may have twosections between which Base 830 fits. Either Cover 820 and/or Base 830can include the RF shielding.

FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an ID similar to that shown in FIGS. 8 and9 except that Cover 820 is configured to fit into Base 839, or visaversa. In the example shown, Cover 820 slides into and out of a slot inBase 830 and thus shields and exposes, respectively, RFID Tag 140. Thisembodiment may include an item to be worn such as a medical alertbracelet, an identity tag, a ring, clothing, glasses, or the like. Forexample, in the case of a medical alert bracelet, the bracelet includesan RFID tag (having medical information) that is only readable when acover element of the bracelet is opened to expose the RFID tag to anRFID tag reader. When the cover is opened medical personal can read datafrom the RFID tag. When the cover is closed the medical information isshielded from being read by unauthorized persons and is thus keptconfidential.

One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card (16) and casehaving sides (12) and (14) as illustrated in U.S. patent application2004/0117514. In this embodiment, credit card (16) further(additionally) includes an RFID Tag 140 and sides (12) and/or (14) nfurther include RF shielding, or visa versa. The credit card may bereplaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver's license,debit card, or others discussed herein.

On embodiment of the invention includes the credit card (3) and holder(1) as illustrated in U.S. patent application 2005/0011776. In thisembodiment, credit card (3) further includes an RFID Tag 140 and theholder (1) further includes RF shielding. The credit card may bereplaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver's license,debit card, or the like.

One embodiment of the invention includes the carrying case taught inU.S. patent application 2004/0256469, wherein the carrying case furtherincludes RF shielding.

One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card and pivotingcase described in U.S. patent application 2004/0237360, wherein an RFIDtag is included in one part (e.g., the credit card) and shielding inanother part (e.g., the case). Thus, when the credit card is pivotedinto the case the RFID tag is shielded. One embodiment of the inventionincludes a credit card and case illustrated in FIG. 10 of U.S. patentapplication 2004/0237360. In this embodiment, the credit card includesan RFID Tag 140 and the case includes shielding. The credit card may bereplaced by an alternative type of ID device, e.g., a driver's license,debit card, or the like.

One embodiment of the invention includes the security wallet illustratedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,744,497, wherein the security wallet further includesRFID shielding.

Various embodiments of the invention include the foldable transactioncards illustrated in US. Patent Applications 2004/0169087 and2004/0089724, wherein shielding is further included in one side of thefold while RFID Tag 140 is further included in the other side. RFID Tag140 is shielded when the transaction card is folded closed andunshielded when it is open.

Various embodiments of the invention include the several differentfolding cards illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,700,037 and Application2005/0205665. Wherein these cards further include RFID Tag 140 in onepart and shielding in another part, such that in one fold position RFIDTag 140 is shielded by the shielding, and in another fold position RFIDTag 140 is un-shielded.

One embodiment of the invention includes the credit card caseillustrated in U.S. patent application 2002/0117243. Where in the creditcard case further includes shielding configured to shield an rfidenabled credit card or other identification device.

FIG. 11 illustrates further detail of some embodiments of Clamshell ID810, having a First Cover 1110 and a Second Cover 1120 separated by Fold840. First Cover 1110 and a Second Cover 1120 may be, for example, Base830 and Cover 820. Fold 840 can be a spine, hinge, crease, or the like.In alternative embodiments, First Cover 1110 and/or Second Cover 1120can be embodied as a page or pages between covers of an identitydocument. Shielding 1130 is disposed as part of the second cover (e.g.,or on or in an ID document cover or page). Shielding 1130 is optionallydisposed away from fold 840 such that, when Clamshell ID 810 is open,the shielding as well separated from RFID Tag 140. In variousembodiments, the separation between shielding 1130 and Fold 840 isgreater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm. Likewise, RFIDTag 140 is optionally disposed away from Fold 830. In variousembodiments, the separation between RFID Tag 140 (including antenna) andFold 840 is greater than 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm.Alternatively, RFID Tag 140 and/or Shielding 1130 may be disposed toabut Fold 840.

FIG. 12 illustrates embodiments of Clamshell ID 810 including a FirstCover 1210 and a Second Cover 1220 separated by Fold 830. Theseembodiments further include a Page 1230 disposed between First Cover1210 and Second Cover 1220. Page 1230 includes RFID Tag 140 or Shielding1130. For example, these embodiments of Clamshell ID 810 can include apassport including a photograph and identity information within aninside surface (facing toward Page 1230) of First Cover 1210, RFID Tag140 within First Cover 1210 or Second Cover 1220, and Shielding 1130within Page 1230. RFID Tag 140 can be shielded and un-shielded by movingPage 1230 close to or away from RFID Tag 140. In embodiments, whereinRFID Tag 140 is included in Second Cover 1220, RFID Tag 140 is shieldedwhen Page 1230 is held close to Second Cover 1220. In this position ismay be possible to view the photograph and identity information withinthe inside surface of First Cover 1210 without un-shielding RFID Tag140. When Page 1230 is moved away from Second Cover 1220 then RFID Tag140 is unshielded.

By including the RF Shielding 1130 with one of the one or more Page1230, Clamshell ID 810 can be opened without necessarily removingShielding 1130 from the vicinity of RFID Tag 140. For example, if RFIDTag 140 is disposed within the back cover, and Clamshell ID 810 isopened such that the inside of the First Cover 1210 is visible, Page1230 including Shielding 1130 could remain adjacent to Second Cover 1220and thus limit communication with the RFID Tag 140. To allowcommunication with RFID Tag 130 Page 1230 including Shielding 1130 isturned such that it moves away from Second Cover 1220. The Shielding1130 may be attached to Page 1230 or be included within Page 1230. Forexample, Shielding 1130 may be laminated within Page 1230, be sewn onPage 1230, be glued on Page 1230, be within the material of Page 1230,or otherwise be connected to Page 1230. In various embodiments,Shielding 1130 includes a wire mesh, metallic fibers, metallicparticles, metallic thread, or the like. Shielding is optionallyattached to a binding of Clamshell ID 810 as Page 1230. Page 1230 isoptionally bound to Clamshell ID by stable, pin, wire, thread, adhesive,laminate, or the like.

FIG. 13 illustrates embodiments of Clamshell ID 810 wherein Shielding1130 is added to Page 1230 following assembly of Clamshell ID. In theseembodiments, Shielding 1130 is included in a Shielding Insert 1310.Shielding Insert 1310 optionally includes Adhesive 1320 or some othermechanism for attaching Shielding Insert 1310 to Page 1230. Theattachment of Shielding Insert 1310 to Page 1230 can be permanent ortemporary (e.g., Shielding Insert 1310 may be removable). In variousembodiments, Shielding Insert 1310 includes a metal plate, wire mesh,metallic fibers, metallic particles, metallic thread, or other forms ofshielding.

The size of Shielding Insert 1310 is optionally the same as or slightlysmaller then a European Union Passport, a Japanese Passport, a ChinesePassport, a United States Passport, or the like. Alternatively, invarious embodiments, Shielding Insert 1310 is configured in size suchthat it can be attached to Clamshell ID 810 at least greater than 5 mm,10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm or 30 mm from Fold 830. For example,Shielding Insert 1310 may be configured to attach to Page 1230 such thatShielding Insert 1310 extends from near an outer edge (opposite Fold830) of Page 1230 to within 10 mm of Fold 830.

FIG. 14 illustrates embodiments of an Identification Device 1410, suchas Clamshell ID 810. In these embodiments, Shielding Insert 1310includes one or more clips 1420, clamp, pin, slot, rivet, or othermechanism configured for, optionally temporary, attaching ShieldingInsert 1310 to Identification Device 1410. In some embodiments Clip 1420is replaced by a slot configured to receive that part of IdentificationDevice 1410 including an RFID tag. Shielding Insert 1320 is optionallypivotally connected to Identification Device 1210. In the embodimentsillustrated by FIG. 14, Fold 830, Second Cover 1220 and Page 1230 areoptional. For example, Identification Device 1410 can be a single piecedriver's license, credit card, etc. (without separate front and backcovers) including RFID Tag 140. Shielding Insert 1310 is configured tobe attached to First Cover 1210, Page 1230, and/or Second Cover 1220. Inthese embodiments Page 1230 need not include shielding. In someembodiments, Shielding Insert 1310 may be attached to that part ofIdentification Device 1410 that includes RFID Tag 140. In theseembodiments, Shielding Insert 1310 is inserted to shield RFID Tag 140and removed in order to un-shield RFID Tag 140. In some embodiments,Shielding Insert 1310 includes a flat metal plate configured to fitwithin a passport, e.g., a passport issued by the United States, aEuropean Country, or an Asian Country. In these embodiments, the size ofshielding insert may be similar to or slightly smaller than thedimensions of the passport. In some embodiments, Shielding Insert 1310can include an attachment device, such as Clip 1420, on more than oneside (face). As such, Shielding Insert 1310 may be configured to shieldand RFID enabled driver's license on one side and an RFID enabled creditcard on the other side. Shielding Insert 1310 is optionallyapproximately the size of a driver's license or credit card. In someembodiments, Shielding Insert 1310 has height and width dimensionssimilar to or smaller than a page between the front cove and the backcover. Shielding Insert 1310 is optionally thin and optionally flexible.

As illustrated in FIG. 15, some embodiments of the invention include amethod of allowing communication to an RFID tag. The method includes aStep 1510 of opening a front cover of an identification device, such asClamshell ID 810 or Identification Device 1410, in order to makeinformation included on the inside of the front cover visible, an RFshielding page being kept in proximity of the back cover such that an RFtag within the back cover is unreadable. The RF shielding page can befor example an instance of Page 1230 or a page with Shielding Insert1310 attached. The method further includes a Step 1520 of visuallypresenting the information on the inside of the front cover. Theinformation can include a name, citizenship, photograph, identificationnumber, or the like. A step 1530 includes turning the shielding pageaway from the back cover such that the RFID tag becomes un-shielded andcan communicate with a reader. The shielding page is a page, between thefront cover and the back cover, that includes or is attached to RFshielding configured to limit communication with the RFID tag. Inalternative embodiments of this method, the rolls of the front cover andback cover are reversed.

As illustrated in FIG. 16, some embodiments of the invention include amethod of modifying an RFID enabled identification device, e.g.,Identification Device 1410. This method includes, a Step 1610 of openingthe identification device by turning a back cover away from a frontcover; a Step 1620 of selecting a page disposed (optionally bound)between the front cover and the back cover; an optional Step 1630 ofexposing an adhesive surface on an RF shielding insert, the RF shieldingconfigured to limit RF communication between an RFID tag included in theidentification device and a reader; and a Step 1640 of attaching the RFshielding insert to the selected page using the exposed adhesive. Inalternative embodiments, the adhesive is optionally replaced by a clip,clamp, pin, slot, or other mechanism configured for temporary attachmentto the identification device. The identification device is optionally apassport, driver's license, immigration document, national identitydocument, or other identification device discussed herein. The RFshielding insert is optionally sized (as discussed elsewhere herein)such that it is disposed at a distance from a fold in the identificationdevice.

As illustrated by FIG. 17, one embodiment of the invention includes amethod of making an identity device including: a Step 1710 of adding anRFID tag to a first cover layer; a Step 1720 of adding a second coverlayer such that the RFID tag is disposed between the first cover layerand the second cover layer; and a Step 1730 of a attaching an RF shieldto the combined first cover layer and second cover layer. The RF shieldis optionally attached as a page configured to be disposed between toparts of the combined first cover layer and second cover layer when thecombination is folded. The RF shield is optionally temporally attachedto the combined first cover layer and second cover layer.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating the manufacture of anidentification device, such as a passport. At one stage in themanufacturing process Shielding 1130 is dispensed in the form of astrip. The strip is laid down over what will be several separateidentification devices when the manufacturing is completed. A pluralityof RFID Tags 140 are deposited. The assembled material, includingshielding is cut along a Cutting Line 1820 (cutting area) to separatethe locations where the RFID Tags 140 are deposited or to be deposited.As a result a plurality of identity documents are produced. The cutalong Cutting Line 1820 occurs after Shielding 1130 is laid down. Pagesare optionally added to the assembled material prior to cutting.

FIG. 19 illustrates the method of illustrating an identification deviceas shown in FIG. 18. In an Add Shielding Step 1910, shielding is addedto an area of a cover that will become a first identification device anda second identification device. In an Add RFIDs Step 1920, a first RFIDtag is added to that part of the cover that will become the firstidentification device and a second RFID tag is added to that part of thecover that will become the second identification device. In a Cut Step1930, the cover is cut to separate that part that will become the firstidentification device and that part that will be come the secondidentification device. Cut Step 1930 includes cutting the shieldingadded in Add Shielding Step 1910.

FIG. 20 illustrates an RFID reader system configured to read ClamshellID 810 e.g., an RFID enabled passport including shielding. Spacingbetween an RFID Reader 2010 and a Base 2020 is configured to form aPassport Slot 2030. RFID Reader 2010 is configured to read Clamshell ID810. The height of Passport Slot 2030 is configured such that ClamshellID 810 is sufficiently open when passed though Passport Slot 2030between the RFID Reader 2010 and Base 2020. E.g., Passport Slot 2030 isconfigured such that, in order to pass through Passport Slot 2030Clamshell ID 810 cannot be partially open such that shielding withinClamshell ID 810 could block the communication between RFID Reader 2010and the RFID tag included in Clamshell ID 810. The width of the passportslot is optionally configured to assure that the shielding is notdisposed between the RFID reader and the RFID tag.

FIG. 21 illustrates an RFID reader system including more than one RFIDreaders (RFID Reader 2010A, RFID Reader 1010B, and optionally RFIDReader 1010C). The more than one RFID readers are disposed such that anyshielding within an ID is never within the line of sites between all ofthe one or more RFID readers and an RFID tag in a reading volume. And inaddition, the more than one RFID readers are disposed such that theangle between an antenna of the RFID tag is at least one of the RFIDreaders is favorable for communicating between the RFID tag and RFIDreader. Achieving both or these criteria may require three or more RFIDreaders. In alternative embodiments, this system may include fewer ormore RFID readers than illustrated. The illustrated readers optionallysurround a walk through reading volume.

Several embodiments are specifically illustrated and/or describedherein. However, it will be appreciated that modifications andvariations are covered by the above teachings and within the scope ofthe appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scopethereof. For example, an RFID key device may include more than one RFIDtag and moving of shielding may be used to determine which RFID tag cancommunicate with readers. The RFID tags discussed herein may includeactive or passive contactless circuits configured to transmitidentification information.

The embodiments discussed herein are illustrative of the presentinvention. As these embodiments of the present invention are describedwith reference to illustrations, various modifications or adaptations ofthe methods and or specific structures described may become apparent tothose skilled in the art. All such modifications, adaptations, orvariations that rely upon the teachings of the present invention, andthrough which these teachings have advanced the art, are considered tobe within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Hence, thesedescriptions and drawings should not be considered in a limiting sense,as it is understood that the present invention is in no way limited toonly the embodiments illustrated.

1. A passport comprising: an RFID tag configured to transmit identifyinginformation; a surface configured to visually display the identifyinginformation; and a cover including a first part and a second partseparated by a fold, the first part including the RFID tag and thesecond part including a radio frequency shielding configured to shieldthe RFID tag when the cover is closed, and configured to allow readingof the RFID tag when the cover is open, the radio frequency shieldingincluding metallic fibers disposed within the second part.
 2. Theshielding device of claim 1, wherein the shielding is configured to beattached to the device using adhesive.
 3. The passport of claim 1,wherein the metallic fibers are laminated between layers of the cover.4. The passport of claim 1, wherein the first part does not includeshielding.
 5. The passport of claim 1, wherein the first part doesinclude shielding.
 6. The passport of claim 1, wherein the RFID tag isdisposed at least 10 mm from the fold.
 7. The passport of claim 1,wherein the radio frequency shielding is transparent.
 8. The passport ofclaim 1, wherein the page is transparent.